Open Differential

The open differential is the simplest and most common type of differential, and works well with many vehicles. Its primary function is to allow the wheels to rotate at different speeds, ensuring smooth and safe operation, especially when turning or navigating over uneven terrain.

The open differential features a pinion gear at the end of the driveshaft that engages with the ring gear and transfers power to both axles. When the vehicle is traveling in a straight line, the output shafts rotate at the same speed. However, when the vehicle is turning a corner or driving on an uneven surface, the outer wheel rotates faster than the inner wheel to ensure a smooth and controlled turn and to maintain traction.

Open Differential Pros and Cons

Open differentials offer several key advantages. They provide excellent driveability, are relatively easy and inexpensive to manufacture, and are lightweight and efficient, making them ideal for a wide variety of both front-wheel drive and rear-wheel drive vehicles, including passenger cars, light trucks, and SUVs.

On the downside, open differentials have a particular limitation. If one wheel loses traction — such as when encountering ice, mud, or a slippery surface — most of the power will be sent to that wheel, and the other wheel will receive little or no power. This can cause the wheels to spin and result in reduced traction and vehicle stability in challenging driving conditions.

Various differential designs have been developed to address this limitation, such as limited-slip differentials and electronic traction control systems. These help prevent wheel spin and improve traction in situations where one wheel loses grip.